Showing posts with label history of mathematics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label history of mathematics. Show all posts

Negative Math: How Mathematical Rules Can Be Positively Bent Review

Negative Math: How Mathematical Rules Can Be Positively Bent
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Negative Math: How Mathematical Rules Can Be Positively Bent ReviewThis book was quite hard to review. There are parts I found extremely interesting, and other parts I thought were full of sloppy thinking and misleading analogies. But overall, I think it is a worthwhile book to read. I think it is appropriate to divide the book into four separate sections, each of which deserves to be reviewed separately.
The first part is an attempt to show that some of the rules of algebra (particularly the rules for manipulating signs) are really counter-intuitive, and also an attempt to gain the perspective of an elementary algebra student who cannot understand why the rules are what they are. It is this part that I think is the worst part of the book, and in his attempts to show that the rules are counter-intuitive, all he manages to do is show that _his_ intuition works quite differently from _my_ intuition. This part is the section in which I found the sloppy thinking and resort to false analogy which I mentioned earlier. It seemed to me that there were things the author just didn't understand, but as I read further in the book, I found that he actually understood them even though he didn't seem to at first. This section would get three stars if I felt generous, or even two, if I were to review it alone.
The second part (actually intermixed with the first in its location in the book) describes the difficulties that mathematicians (even great ones) had in comprehending the concept of negative and imaginary numbers, and as such it provides some historical background for the rest of the book, which justifies its inclusion. If I were to review this part by itself, it would get three stars, meaning "it's OK," but it hardly justifies the book.
The best part of the book is the third. This is a very interesting attempt to come up with an algebra that differs from the usual, where he has to maintain consistency, and so he looks deeply into questions as to what further modifications to traditional algebra have to be made to go along with a postulated change. Much like the introduction of non-Euclidean geometry, the process leads to an odd-looking algebra, but one which fits together, and it is this part that I liked well enough to rate as five-star, bringing the overall rating for the book to four. This part made the book worthwhile for me.
Finally, the author ends with one very long chapter that probably summarizes what _he_ wants the book to be, though the previous section is what _I_ want of the book. He advocates a concept of a mathematics that would be suited to explaining problems of physics in a more natural manner, even if it might look different from traditional mathematics. I would have been happier if this part were shorter, though I think the author himself probably considered this part to be the major thesis of the book and this is why he devoted so much of the book to this part. This part is actually interesting enough that I'd rate it 4 stars, though as I said I'd prefer it more streamlined.
That is an overview of the book: very uneven, with both very good parts and bad, but if everything is all combined, the total package is a pretty good one.Negative Math: How Mathematical Rules Can Be Positively Bent Overview

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Sherlock Holmes in Babylon and Other Tales of Mathematical History (Spectrum) Review

Sherlock Holmes in Babylon and Other Tales of Mathematical History (Spectrum)
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Sherlock Holmes in Babylon and Other Tales of Mathematical History (Spectrum) ReviewAt some point in history, abstract mathematics appeared. Sketchy histories tend to emphasize the role of the Greeks, which was substantial, but their ideas did not sprout from the mathematical equivalent of nothingness. Before there was Greek mathematics, the Babylonians and Egyptians were doing a good deal of mathematics. For this reason, I was pleased to see that the first few papers in this collection deal with Babylonian mathematics, and the title of the book is taken from the title of the first one.
The book is divided into four sections: ancient mathematics, medieval and renaissance mathematics, the seventeenth century and the eighteenth century. Most of the papers examine a specific concept of mathematics as well as the people who developed it. The papers first appeared in mathematics journals such as "College Mathematics Journal" and "American Mathematical Monthly", over the last century. One paper by Florian Cajori appeared in 1917 and one by Eleanor Robson was published in 2002.
A wide range of topics are covered in the papers of this collection and some early papers examine the development of mathematics in non-western cultures such as China, the number systems of North American Indians, the Mayas and the Incas. Some of the papers take an approach that raises possibilities that are outside the coverage found in most books on mathematical history. The paper, "Was Calculus Invented in India?" is overstated, but not by as much as we are often led to believe. Most books tend to state that calculus was simultaneously invented by Newton and Leibniz and largely ignore the shoulders upon which they stood when they made calculus. Two hundred years before Newton, Indian mathematicians were capable of deriving the infinite series expansions for the sine, cosine and arctangent functions. I was also amazed to learn that the first mathematical work published in the New World predates the voyage of Henry Hudson up the Hudson River by fifty years.
I have never taught a course in the history of mathematics. However, if I ever do teach mathematical history, this will be a book that I will use. By presenting areas of mathematics developed in non-western cultures and outside what can be considered the historical mainstream, this book shows us that mathematics is truly a human endeavor.
Published in the recreational mathematics e-mail newsletter, reprinted with permission.Sherlock Holmes in Babylon and Other Tales of Mathematical History (Spectrum) OverviewCovering a span of almost 4000 years, from the ancient Babylonians to the eighteenth century, this collection chronicles the enormous changes in mathematical thinking over this time, as viewed by distinguished historians of mathematics from the past and the present. Each of the four sections of the book (Ancient Mathematics, Medieval and Renaissance Mathematics, The Seventeenth Century, The Eighteenth Century) is preceded by a Foreword, in which the articles are put into historical context, and followed by an Afterword, in which they are reviewed in the light of current historical scholarship. In more than one case, two articles on the same topic are included, to show how knowledge and views about the topic changed over the years. This book will be enjoyed by anyone interested in mathematics and its history - and in particular by mathematics teachers at secondary, college, and university levels.

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The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry Review

The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry
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The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry ReviewMario Livio's title suggests an exploration of unsolvable equations, in particular the drama enshrouding the mathematical conundrum of solving general, fifth degree polynomial equations, known as quintics. His subtitle, "How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry," indicates that his work will also explore the role of symmetry in ultimately resolving the question of whether such polynomials could be solved by a formulas using nothing more than addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and nth roots. These two subjects portend an interesting discussion on the solvability of equations and the peculiar mathematical race in Renaissance Europe to "discover" the magical formulas for solving cubics and quartics.
One could reasonably expect that the groundbreaking work of Tartaglia, Cardano. Ferraro, Galois, Abel, Kronecker, Hermite, and Klein would be encompassed in this survey, and indeed they are. However, purchasers of this book are given no indication that they will spend well over half their reading time on rehashes of Abel's tragic life story and the mythology of Evariste Galois's foolish death, Emmy Noether's challenges as a woman mathematician in Germany, a history of group theory, Einstein's theory of relativity, the place of string theory in modern cosmology, the survival benefits of symmetry in evolution, Daniel Gorenstein's 30-year proof that "every finite simple group is either a member of one of the eighteen families or is one of the twenty-six sporadic groups," a trite and unnecessary diversion on human creativity, and finally, an even more outlandish (and utterly inconclusive) "comparison" of Galois's brain with that of Albert Einstein. The persevering reader can only conclude that anything and everything that remotely touches upon the quintic and Galois's work was given a chapter of its own, a mathematical version of "everything but the kitchen sink." The end result is an unfortunate mishmash, a sort of treetop skimming of modern mathematics, post-Newtonian physics, and cognitive theory.
Sadly, Mr. Livio misses a number of opportunities to enlighten his readers on the theory of polynomials, the nature of their roots, and the curious symmetries one encounters. For example, he makes no effort to discuss the nature of polynomial roots beyond a short Appendix, and he passes on the chance to detail the marvelous symmetry of imaginary roots in equations such as x^6 = 1. While he outlines the general thrust of Galois's approach to the unsolvability of quintics, Livio also mentions that Hermite found a method to solve the general quintic using elliptic functions, but we are not told how such a solution is discovered. What about sixth degree polynomials and beyond? Mr. Livio doesn't tell us - he's too busy worrying over the fairness of the first draft lottery in 1970. There is also the small matter of the author's style of explication. At times, such as his introduction to symmetry, he writes for a general, non-mathematical audience. Later, he tosses out references to elliptic functions without explanation and culminates his group theory discussion with sentences like, "We can use the family tree of these subgroups to create a sequence of composition factors (order of the parent group divided by that of the maximal normal subgroup)."
What THE EQUATION THAT COULDN'T BE SOLVED really needed was a good editor to bring these widespread ramblings into focus. A bit of truth in advertising might have been appropriate as well, but a book entitled "The Role of Group Theory in Modern Mathematics and Science" (primarily what this book is about, along with the author's peculiar obsession with Evariste Galois's death by duel) wouldn't tap well into the market developed by Keith Devlin, John Allen Paulos, Ian Stewart, Eli Maor, Simon Singh, and other popularizers of mathematics for mass market audiences. In the end, this book falls short of its companions for its sheer lack of focus and somewhat misleading cover presentation. At times, the book is interesting; at others, regrettably, it's simply too much of a superficial slog through too many loosely connected disciplines.The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry Overview

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Tool and Object: A History and Philosophy of Category Theory (Science Networks. Historical Studies) Review

Tool and Object: A History and Philosophy of Category Theory (Science Networks. Historical Studies)
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Tool and Object: A History and Philosophy of Category Theory (Science Networks. Historical Studies) ReviewThe main goal of the book under review is to provide a systematic and profound analysis of several important historical and epistemological aspects of category theory. The central theme of the book is to give an analysis of the remarkable fact that category theory gained position in daily mathematics as a useful and legitimate conceptual innovation, in spite of the difficulties of its set-theoretical foundations and the challenge it caused to this formerly well-established mathematical foundation and to some epistemological positions.
The philosophical stance to category theory developed here is inspired by the pragmatism of Peirce and by Wittgenstein's criticisms of reductionism, which represents a highly interesting alternative to more traditional approaches in philosophy of mathematics like logicism, intuitionism, formalism, realism, fictionalism, etc. In this vein, the author's philosophical position focusses on the "use" of concepts, instead of formal syntax and semantics, and on the thesis that that philosophical justification of mathematical reasoning is an accurate description of the way mathematicians work with categories.
I missed, in the context of a philosophy of category theory, more detailed discussions on some category-theorists philosophical positions, like Lawvere's "dialectical" philosophy of mathematics, different versions of structuralism and different "topos foundations" (for instance, those of Lambek, Bell, Mac Lane) and in this sense the book is more a history than a philosophy of category theory. Some passages are obscured rather than clarified by the philosophical tone, and a methodological fault is that the author sometimes regards spontaneous declarations of some mathematicians as well-elaborated philosophical conceptions or official historical explanations.
Nonetheless, this work is a serious attempt to discuss the history and a philosophy of category theory, and historians of mathematics, philosophers of mathematics, and also "working" mathematicians can profit to a large extent from Krömer's analysis.
Tool and Object: A History and Philosophy of Category Theory (Science Networks. Historical Studies) OverviewCategory theory is a general mathematical theory of structures and of structures of structures. It occupied a central position in contemporary mathematics as well as computer science. This book describes the history of category theory whereby illuminating its symbiotic relationship to algebraic topology, homological algebra, algebraic geometry and mathematical logic and elaboratively develops the connections with the epistemological significance.

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The Language of Physics: The Calculus and the Development of Theoretical Physics in Europe, 1750 - 1870 Review

The Language of Physics: The Calculus and the Development of Theoretical Physics in Europe, 1750 - 1870
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The Language of Physics: The Calculus and the Development of Theoretical Physics in Europe, 1750 - 1870 ReviewFor the first time Garber makes sense out of the threads which came together at the end of the nineteenth century to create modern theoretical physics.
Beginning in the late eighteenth century, scientists working on the development of differential and integral calculus showed how a group of bodies possessed invariant qualities such as kinetic energy, action, and potential energy.
Until Gerber's work, these scientists -- Bernoulli, Mayer, Lagrange, Laplace, Poisson, and Jacobi, among others -- were celebrated as doing great work in physics.
Their work did have consequences for physics, and implied quite a bit from the point of view of mathematical treatment of physical phenomena, but their intention had been to develop the boundaries of mathematics, specifically the differential equations of calculus.
Using detailed examples from not only mechanics but electromagnetism and thermodynamics as well, Garber revises the old-fashioned view of the development of theoretical physics, and proves how the work of a large number of her colleagues in the history of 18th- and 19th-century mathematics and physics supports her interpretation.
A major step forward in the history of science.The Language of Physics: The Calculus and the Development of Theoretical Physics in Europe, 1750 - 1870 OverviewThis work is the first explicit examination of the key role that mathematics has played in the development of theoretical physics and will undoubtedly challenge the more conventional accounts of its historical development. Although mathematics has long been regarded as the "language" of physics, the connections between these independent disciplines have been far more complex and intimate than previous narratives have shown. The author convincingly demonstrates that practices, methods, and language shaped the development of the field, and are a key to understanding the mergence of the modern academic discipline. Mathematicians and physicists, as well as historians of both disciplines, will find this provocative work of great interest.

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